每日一句

Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. #anki

• audience：观众、读者
• be relevant to… 与……相关
• in sympathy with sb./sth. 赞同、同情或支持某人/某事

简化：Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.

翻译：你的幽默必须与听众相关，并且应该有助于向他们表明你是他们中的一员，或者你理解他们的处境并赞同他们的观点。

If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. #anki

• address ：n. 地址，考研中常考的动词有演讲、演说 or 设法处理。
• appropriate adj. 合适的，适当的，恰当的
• inedible /ɪnˈedəbl/ adj. 不能吃的
• canteen /kænˈtiːn/ n. 餐厅，食堂
• be in a position to do sth. 有能力、有资格做某事
• make a passing remark about sth. 顺便评价某物

翻译：如果你是谈话对象集体中的一员 , 你就能够了解对于你们所有人来说共有的经历和问题 , 而且你顺便评论一下餐厅里难以下咽的食物或领导选择领带时糟糕得出了名的品位也是合适的。

简化：If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.

And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. #anki

• miniaturization /ˌmɪnətʃəraɪˈzeɪʃn/ n. 小型化
• submillimeter /sʌbˈmɪlimiːtə(r)/ n. 亚毫米
• physician /fɪˈzɪʃn/ n. 医生
• accuracy /ˈækjərəsi/ n. 精确度，准确性
• accurate /ˈækjərət/ adj. 精确的
• accurately /ˈækjərətli/ adv. 精确地，准确地

翻译：多亏了电子器件和微机械的不断微型化，现在已经有机器人系统能够进行一些精确度达到亚毫米的脑部和骨科的手术，远超技术高超的医生仅凭其双手所能达到的精确度。

简化：And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. #anki

• spell /spel/  v. 拼写 n. 一段时间（常考熟词僻意）
• transistor /trænˈzɪstə(r)/ n. 晶体管
• circuit /ˈsɜːkɪt/ n. 电路，回路，有的也表示巡回法庭。
• processor 处理器

翻译：尽管在 20 世纪 60 年代和 70 年代有过一段最初的乐观时期，那时晶体管电路和微处理器似乎 (被认为) 到 2010 年就能够复制人类大脑的活动，但研究人员最近已经开始将这一预测延后几十年，甚至几百年。

简化：Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. #anki

• glimpse /ɡlɪmps/ v./n. 一瞥，瞥见
• winding /ˈwaɪndɪŋ/ adj. 蜿蜒的，弯曲的，曲折的

翻译：但是人脑只要瞥一眼一个快速变化的场景，就能立即无视 98% 的不相关 (信息)，立即聚焦于蜿蜒的森林小路旁的猴子或者一大群人中的一张可疑的脸。

简化：But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.

The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%~0.5% of GDP. #anki

• barrel /ˈbɛrəl/ n. 桶
• estimate /ˈestɪmeɪt/ v. 估计，估量; 判断，评价 /ˈestɪmət/ n. 估计，估量; 判断，评价

翻译：经济合作与发展组织 (OECD) 在其最新一期的《经济展望》中估计，如果油价全年平均为每桶 22 美元，对比 1998 年的 (每桶)13 美元，这将使富裕国家的石油进口支出只增加 GDP 的 0.25% 至 0.5%。

简化：The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%~0.5% of GDP.

Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. #anki

• rule /ruːl/ v. 裁决；统治，支配；规定，管理
• ruling /ˈruːlɪŋ/ n. 裁定，规定
• in effect 实际上
• foresee/fɔːˈsiː/ v.预见，预知 (过去式 foresaw，过去分词 foreseen)
• permissible /pəˈmɪsəbl/ adj. 可允许的，许可的
• permission /pəˈmɪʃn/ n. 允许，许可
• permit /pəˈmɪt/ v. 允许，许可

翻译：尽管它 (最高法院) 裁定宪法没有赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利，但实际上法院支持“双重效果”的医疗原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，具有双重效果 (希望达到的好效果和可预见的坏效果) 的行为是可允许的，只要行为实施者想要的仅仅是好效果。

简化：Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. #anki

• maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ v. 坚持，主张
• as long as 只要
• prescribe /prɪˈskraɪb/ v. 开药方，开处方
• hasten /ˈheɪsn/ v. 加速；催促；匆忙做

翻译：波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生开药是出于合理的医疗目的，那么即使病人使用该药物加速了死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。

简化：George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.

The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. #anki

• take steps 采取措施，采取步骤
• hospice /ˈhɒspɪs/ n. （晚期病人）护理所
• therapy /ˈθerəpi/ n. 疗法，治疗
• code /kəʊd/ n. 规范，章程；编码

翻译：（医疗）行业正在采取措施，要求年轻医生去（晚期病人）护理所培训，对大胆镇痛疗法的知识进行检验，为医院护理制定一份医疗保险制度的付款条例，以及为评估和治疗（病人）临终的痛苦制定新的标准。

简化：The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.

Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. #anki

• brief /briːf/ n. 简报，摘要 adj. 简短的
• back-and-forthing 闪烁其词，来回
• whereby /weəˈbaɪ/ conj. 通过这个，凭此
• on the chance… 以防……，怀着……希望

翻译：斯特雷福特公司的简报听起来不像华盛顿一贯的那样闪烁其词，政府机构通过这个（闪烁其词）来避免发布引人注目的言论，以防他们可能是错的。

简化：Straitford's briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.

For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. #anki

• staff /stɑːf/ v. 在……工作；为……配备职员 n. 全体职员
• booth /buːð/ n. 展位，货摊，摊位
• street fair 街头集市
• brochure /ˈbrəʊʃə(r)/ n. 宣传册，手册

翻译：例如，在最近的街头集市上，一位在动物权利宣传展位工作的老奶奶在分发一本小册子，（小册子）劝告读者不要使用任何动物制品或经过动物实验的东西——包括肉类、毛皮和药物。

简化：For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines.

Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. #anki

• ultimate /ˈʌltɪmət/ adj. 最终的，最后的；基本的，根本的
• stakeholder /ˈsteɪkhəʊldə(r)/ n. 利益相关者；有发言权的人，参与人
• personality /ˌpɜːsəˈnæləti/ n. 名人；个性，性格；特色

翻译：最后，由于最终的利益相关者是患者，所以医疗研究界不仅应该积极招募像史蒂芬·库珀这样敢于陈述动物实验价值的知名人士来支持自己的事业，还应该争取所有接受医疗的人（的支持）。

简化：Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.

If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. #anki

• shoulder /ˈʃəʊldə(r)/ v. 承担，肩负，扛起 n. 肩部，肩膀

翻译：他们认为，如果铁路公司收取所有客户相同的平均费率，那么可以选择改用公路运输或其他运输方式的托运商就会这样做，使剩下的客户（托运商）承担维持铁路运营的成本。

简化：If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.

It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. #anki

• economist /ɪˈkɒnəmɪst/ n. 经济学家
• subscribe /səbˈskraɪb/ v. 同意，赞成；订购，认同
• flourish/ˈflʌrɪʃ/ v. 繁荣，兴旺
• leaves n.（leaf 的复数）树叶、花瓣 v. (leave 的复数) 离开、遗弃。

翻译：这是许多经济学家都赞同的理论，但在实践中它（该理论）常常使得铁路公司处于决定哪家公司盈利和哪家公司亏损的地位。

简化：It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.

Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. #anki

• frustrate /frʌˈstreɪt/ v. 使沮丧，使挫败；阻止
• treatment /ˈtriːtmənt/ n. 治疗，处置；对待，待遇
• justified /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪd/ adj. 合理的，有正当理由的

翻译：医生——对无法治愈这种疾病感到沮丧，同时又担心病人失去希望——常常采用极端大胆的、远远超出科学合理性的治疗方法。

简化：Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.

These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. #anki

• prevention /prɪˈvenʃn/ n. 预防，防止

翻译：这些领导人就是活生生的证据，（证明对疾病的）预防是有效的，（证明）我们能够应对随着年龄自然而来的健康问题。

简化：These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.

When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches. #anki

• potential /pəˈtenʃl/ adj. 可能的，潜在的 n. 潜力，可能性
• best match 最佳匹配

翻译：例如，CareerSite 的代理向注册其服务的用户发送信息时，它只提供三个可能的工作机会——它认为最匹配的那些。

简化：When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches.

This,for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. #anki

• as yet 至今仍, 迄今为止
• refer to… 指的是，涉及；谈到，提及
• discrimination /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/ n. 歧视，区别对待
• surname /ˈsɜːneɪm/ n. 姓氏，姓
• alphabet /ˈælfəbet/ n. 字母表，字母

翻译：对于那些至今还没意识到这样一种劣势的人来说，这个指的是对那些姓氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人的歧视。

简化：This,for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening. #anki

• mildly /ˈmaɪldli/ adv. 轻微地；温和地，和善地
• mild /maɪld/ adj. 温和的；轻微的
• panicked /ˈpænɪkt/ adj. 恐慌的
• panic /ˈpænɪk/ n. 恐慌，惊慌 v. 使恐慌
• prospect /ˈprɒspekt/ n. 前景，前途；景象，景色
• modest /ˈmɒdɪst/ adj. 些许的；谦虚的，谦逊的（后面加人表示谦虚，加其他表示些许）
• belt-tightening 缩减开支，紧缩预算

翻译：消费者看起来似乎只是有一些担心，并没有恐慌；许多人说，甚至当他们稍微勒紧了腰带（适当缩减开支）时，他们对于经济的长远前景都还是保持乐观的。

简化：Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.

Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” #anki

• transcendentalist /ˌtrænsenˈdentəlɪst/ n. 超验主义者
• rigorous /ˈrɪɡərəs/ adj. 僵化的，严格的，严厉的；谨慎的
• bellyful 满腹、满肚子。

翻译：拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生和其他一些超验主义哲学家认为学校教育和僵化的书本学习人为限制了孩子们（的天性）：“我们被关在中小学和大学教室里背了 10 到 15 年的书，最后带着满肚子的墨水出来，却什么都不懂。

简化：Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”

Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.” #anki

• in the grips of… 受……的控制
• grip /ɡrɪp/ n. 掌握，控制
• militantly /ˈmɪlɪtəntli/ adv. 强硬地；好战地
• hostile /ˈhɒstaɪl/ adj. 怀有敌意的，不友善的；敌人的
• promise v.承诺、保证；n.诺言；前途，潜质。

翻译：霍夫斯坦特说，我们国家的教育体制掌握在这样一群人手里，他们“沾沾自喜地、强硬地宣布自己对才智的敌意，并且急切地对那些在才智上没什么前途的孩子表示认同”。

简化：Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”

And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. #anki

• token /ˈtəʊkən/ n. 代币
• toss /tɒs/ v. 扔，投掷
• chamber /ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)/ n. 房间，内庭，密室
• cucumber /ˈkjuːkʌmbə(r)/ n. 黄瓜
• slice 片，薄片、部分

翻译：如果一只猴子根本不用代币来交换就能够得到一颗葡萄，那么另外一只就会将它自己的代币扔向研究人员或者扔出房间，又或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜

简化：And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.

However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. #anki

• capuchins /ˈkæpjʊtʃɪn/ n. 卷尾猴
• stem from… 源于……，来自……
• as yet 到目前为止，至今

翻译：但是，无论这种公平意识是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成的，还是源于他们 3 500 万年前共同的祖先，迄今为止仍是一个未解之谜。

简化：However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. #anki

• panel /ˈpænl/ n. 专家组，仪表盘，密码
• patent n.专利权
• enlist /ɪnˈlɪst/ v. 召集，招募
• definitely /ˈdefɪnətli/ adv. 毫无疑问地，明确地，确切地
• man-made 人为造成的，人造的
  

翻译：最新一次（科学家们的努力）是受白宫召集成立的来自美国国家科学院的一个专家组，（他们）想告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而且这个问题主要是人为造成的。

简化：The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.

But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. #anki

• available /əˈveɪləbl/ adj. 可以利用的，可获得的， 可购得的，可找到的；有空的
• unavailable /ˌʌnəˈveɪləbl/ adj. 不能利用的，难以获得的；忙的
• critical /ˈkrɪtɪk(ə)l/ adj. 至关重要的，关键的；批判的，爱挑剔
• judgment /ˈdʒʌdʒmənt/ n. 判断；辨别力
• concerning /kənˈsɜːnɪŋ/ prep. 关于，涉及
• consequence /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/ n. 结果；重要性
• present /ˈpreznt/ adj. 当前的；现存的；礼物

翻译：但是科学确实为我们提供了关于未来最好的可行性指导，而且至关重要的是，我们国家和整个世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类当前行为对未来影响的最佳判断为依据。

简化：But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.

A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. #anki

• formulate /ˈfɔːmjuleɪt/ v. 确切地阐述；构想出，规划
• revolutionary /ˌrevəˈluːʃənəri/ adj. 革命性的，创新的；革命的
• revolution /ˌrevəˈluːʃn/ n. 革命
• disguise /dɪsˈɡaɪz/ v./n. 伪装，掩饰
• neurologist /njʊəˈrɒlədʒɪst/ n. 神经病学家
• neural /ˈnjʊərəl/ adj. 神经的；神经系统的，神经中枢的
• shadows 阴影

翻译：一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了他革命性的理论——梦是人们无意识的欲望和恐惧经伪装后的影子；到了 20 世纪 70 年代末期，神经病学家们转而认为它们（梦）仅仅是“精神噪声”——在睡眠期间进行神经修复活动的随机副产品。

简化：A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.

As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. #anki

• linguist /ˈlɪŋɡwɪst/ n. 语言学家
• dialect /ˈdaɪəlekt/ n. 方言

翻译：作为语言学家，他承认各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人英语这样的非标准语言，都具有强大的表达力——世界上没有表达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。

简化：As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.

Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.” #anki

• somehow /ˈsʌmhaʊ/ adv. 不知为什么；不知怎么地
• assimilative /əˈsɪmɪlətɪv/ adj. 同化的

翻译：罗德里格斯指出，世界各地偏远村庄的孩子们都是诸如阿诺德·施瓦辛格和加斯·布鲁克斯等超级明星的粉丝，然而“一些美国人担心，住在美国的移民仍然以某种方式不受这个国家同化力量的影响”。

简化：Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”

And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights. #anki

• cottage /ˈkɒtɪdʒ/ n. 小屋，村舍
• sight /saɪt/ n. 风景，名胜；情景，景象；视力，视野，视界 v. 看见

翻译：（另一方是）小镇居民，（他们）主要靠游客为生，这些游客并不是来看戏剧的，而是来看安妮·海瑟薇的小屋、莎士比亚的出生地和其他景点的。

简化：And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.

It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. #anki

• playgoers 游戏观众

翻译：皇家莎士比亚剧团（RSC）声称，正是来看戏的游客带来了小镇的大部分收入，因为他们（通常在此）过夜（他们中一些人会待四到五个晚上），将大把的钱花在旅馆和餐馆里。

简化：It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.

They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)—lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m. #anki

• lean /liːn/ adj. 瘦且健康的
• pointed /ˈpɔɪntɪd/ adj. 尖的，尖锐的；明确的
• dedicated /ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd/ adj. 专注的，专心致志的；献身的
• bun /bʌn/ n. 圆面包
• flagstone /ˈflfl æɡstəʊn/ n. 石板
• box office 售票处；票房

翻译：尽管他们来自世界各地，但是他们似乎看起来都很像——消瘦、棱角分明、神情专注，穿着牛仔裤和凉鞋，啃着小圆面包，躺在剧场外的石板上过夜，为的是在第二天上午 10 点半售票处开门时购买专门预留并出售给他们这些露宿者的 20 张坐票和 80 张站票。

简化：They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)—lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.

According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. #anki

• biomass /ˈbaɪəʊmæs/ n. 生物量
• predator /ˈpredətə(r)/ n. 食肉动物；捕食者
• exploitation /ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃn/ n. 开发，开采；利用；剥削
• exploit /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ v. 开发，开采；利用；剥削

翻译：根据他们在《自然》杂志上发表的最新论文，一个新渔场的大型食肉动物（猎杀并食用其他动物的动物）的生物量在开发之初的 15 年里平均减少了 80%。

简化：According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation.

That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels.#anki

• matter /ˈmætə(r)/ v. 要紧，有关系 n. 事情，问题；情况；物质
• sustainable /səˈsteɪnəbl/ adj. 可持续的；可以支撑的；可以忍受的
• crop /krɒp/ v. 收获；收割 n. 农作物，庄稼

翻译：这至关重要，因为理论表明，当目标物种的生物量大约是其原始水平的 50% 时，从渔场能够获得最大的可持续的产量（捕鱼量）。

In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. #anki

• mass communication 大众传媒
• literacy /ˈlɪtərəsi/ n. 读写能力；精通文学
• worshipper /ˈwɜːʃɪpə(r)/ n. 信徒，做礼拜的人
• worm /wɜːm/ n. 蠕虫

翻译：在西方，在大众传媒和读写能力（普及）之前，最有影响力的大众传媒是教堂，它提醒信徒们，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，而且他们总有一天会成为蠕虫的食物。

Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori : remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. #anki

• live with… 接受，忍受

翻译：如今，被唾手可得的快乐的承诺围绕着，我们需要艺术像宗教曾经做过的那样来告诉我们“死亡警示”：记得你终将死去，一切将会终结，快乐不在于否定这一点，而在于接受它。

This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. #anki

• couple with… 加上……，与……相结合
• genetically /dʒeˈnetikəli/ adv. 从基因方面；遗传地，从遗传学角度

翻译：这一成功（以及后来的研究表明记忆本身不是由基因决定的）使得埃里克森得出结论：记忆行为更多的是一种认知活动，而超过是一种直觉活动。

IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. #anki

• complete /kəmˈpliːt/ v. 完成，结束；使完整
• numerical sequence 数字序列
• analogy /əˈnælədʒi/ n. 类推；类比，类似
• envision /ɪnˈvɪʒn/ v. 想象，设想

翻译：智商测试要求你完成文字和视觉（图形）的类推，想象纸张在折叠和剪裁后（的形状），推导数字序列，以及其他类似的任务。

In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. #anki

• practical 实际，使用，实践
• component /kəmˈpəʊnənt/ n. 因素，成分，组成部分

翻译：多亏了电子器件和微机械的不断微型化，现在已经有机器人系统能够进行一些精确度达到亚毫米的脑部和骨科的手术，远超技术高超的医生仅凭其双手所能达到的精确度。

From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. #anki

• frightening /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/ adj. 令人害怕的，令人恐惧的
• frighten /ˈfraɪtn/ v. 使害怕，惊恐
• wholesale /ˈhəʊlseɪl/ adj. 大规模的，大批的 n. 批发
• overburdened /ˌəuvə'bə:dənd/ adj. 不堪重负的

翻译：从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，可以理解的是，（上述现象中的）许多看起来远不像是履行更多经济责任的机会，而更像是以令人害怕的增速将金融风险大规模转嫁到他们已经不堪重负的肩膀上。

Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. #anki

• share /ʃeə(r)/ n. 一份，份额  v. 分享，共享
• bear /beə(r)/ v. 承担，负担；忍受 （过去式 bore，过去分词 borne）
• spread /spred/ v. 传播，流传
• deductible /dɪˈdʌktəbl/ n. 保险扣除条款（文中指“免赔额”） adj. 可扣除的，可减免的

翻译：医疗保健的绝对成本和家庭所承担的份额都上涨了——而且，最近流行的健康储蓄计划正在从立法大厅蔓延到沃尔玛的员工那里，随之而来的是（比过去）高出很多的（医保）免赔额，以及对于家庭未来的医疗保健来说大量新增的投资风险。

Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. #anki

• sort out troubles 解决问题，解决麻烦
• compliance /kəmˈplaɪəns/ n. 合规；服从，顺从，遵守
• feeble /ˈfiːbl/ adj. 薄弱的，脆弱的
• nasty /ˈnɑːsti/ adj. 极差的；令人厌恶的；令人不悦的
• earn /ɜːn/ v. 招惹；获得，赚得

翻译：就在老板和董事会终于解决了最棘手的财务和合规问题，并改善了薄弱的公司管理的时候，一个新的问题可能会为他们招惹来——特别是在美国——那种会不可避免地导致管理层受到严惩的负面头条，即数据不安全。

Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. #anki

• diverse /daɪˈvɜːs/ adj. 不同的；多种多样的
• peer into… 检查……，往……中仔细看
• contractor /kənˈtræktə(r); ˈkantræktər/ n. 承包商，承包公司
• vulnerability /ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/ n. 脆弱，易受攻击
• vulnerable /ˈvʌlnərəbl/ adj. 脆弱的，易受攻击的，易受伤害的

翻译：多亏了电子器件和微机械的不断微型化，现在已经有机器人系统能够进行一些精确度达到亚毫米的脑部和骨科的手术，远超技术高超的医生仅凭其双手所能达到的精确度。

Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands. #anki

• dim /dɪm/ adj. 愚笨的；昏暗的；光线昏暗的
• 否定词 + 比较级表示最高级

翻译：可以肯定的是，对于最愚笨的管理者来说也应该是显而易见的：信任（经济资产中最有价值的东西）很容易被破坏，并且恢复起来代价高昂——而且没有什么事情比一家公司让敏感的个人数据落入坏人之手更能破坏信任的了。

简化：Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.

Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security. #anki

• disclose /dɪsˈkləʊz/ v. 披露，公开
• put sb. on notice 警告某人，警示某人
• overshadow /ˌəʊvəˈʃædəʊ/ v. 使大丢脸面，使扫兴；使蒙上阴影
• corporate /ˈkɔːpərət/ n. 公司

翻译：与此同时，6 月 17 日披露的在美国大约 4 000 万个信用卡账户信息被窃取（的事件），使美国联邦贸易委员会前一天（做出）的一项重大决议颜面尽失，（该项决议）警告美国公司如果公司不能给数据安全提供充分的保障，那么监管机构将会采取行动。

简化：Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.

“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.” #anki

• worn out 变得筋疲力尽

翻译：“她们忍受压力的能力甚至可能比男性更强，”她观察到，“只是她们正在应对如此多的事情，以至于她们更明显且更快地变得筋疲力尽。”

简化：“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”

The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. #anki

• violence /ˈvaɪələns/ n. 暴力，暴行；激烈
• domestic /dəˈmestɪk/ adj. 家庭的，家务的；国内的
• one-shot deal 一次性事件

翻译：女性面临的种种人际暴力往往是在家庭环境中，不幸的是，（这些暴力）来自父母或其他家庭成员，而且往往不是一次性的。

简化：The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.

The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making free access to scientific results a reality. #anki

• funding agency 资助机构
• access 使用权，通道，访问，存取

翻译：互联网——以及来自资助机构的压力（这些机构质疑为什么商业出版商通过限制科研成果的获取而从政府资助的研究项目中获利）——正在使自由获取科研成果成为现实。

简化：The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making free access to scientific results a reality.

Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. #anki

• hybrid /ˈhaɪbrɪd/ n. 混合物

翻译：这三种（模式）混合而成的其他模式（也）存在，例如延时开放存取模式，期刊在免费开放给所有想看它的人之前，前六个月只允许订阅者阅读论文。

简化：Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.

Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. #anki

• generation /ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/ n. 一代人，同代人，同辈人；产生，形成

翻译：尽管现在（美国人）普遍比 140 年前高了大约 2 英寸，但是如今的美国人——特别是那些出生于已经在美国生活了好几代的家庭中的那些人——在 20 世纪 60 年代早期明显达到了他们的（身高）极限。

简化：Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.

While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create. #anki

• distaste /dɪsˈteɪst/ n./v. 反感，厌恶；不喜欢
• bedrock /ˈbedrɒk/ n. 基石，基础

翻译：尽管华盛顿和杰斐逊私下表达了对奴隶制的反感，但他们也明白这（奴隶制）是他们帮助创建的这个国家的政治和经济基石的一部分。

简化：While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. #anki

• bravery /ˈbreɪvəri/ n. 勇敢的行为（态度），勇气
• overcome /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/ v. 克服；胜过（过去式 overcame，过去分词 overcome）
• grant sb. freedom 给予某人自由
• will /wɪl/ n. 遗嘱；意愿；v.将要

翻译：在目睹了美国独立战争期间黑人士兵的英勇（表现）后，华盛顿开始相信人人生而平等，（于是）他克服了亲属们的强烈反对，在遗嘱中给予了他的奴隶们自由。

简化：Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.

But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. #anki

• consciously /ˈkɒnʃəsli/ adv. 有意识地；自觉地
• conscious /ˈkɒnʃəs/ adj. 意识到的；神志清醒的
• consciousness /ˈkɒnʃəsnəs/ n. 意识，知觉；感觉
• entirely /ɪnˈtaɪəli/ adv. 完全地，全部地
• trains of thought 思路，思绪

翻译：多亏了电子器件和微机械的不断微型化，现在已经有机器人系统能够进行一些精确度达到亚毫米的脑部和骨科的手术，远超技术高超的医生仅凭其双手所能达到的精确度。

简化：But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.

In fact, the more new things we try—the more we step outside our comfort zone—the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives. #anki

• inherent /ɪnˈherənt/ adj. 内在的，与生俱来的，固有的
• the + 比较级 …… the + 比较级…… 表示越怎么样，越怎么样

翻译：事实上，我们尝试越多新事物——走出自己的舒适区越远——我们就会变得越有内在的创造力，在工作和我们的个人生活中都是如此。

简化：In fact, the more new things we try—the more we step outside our comfort zone—the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.

More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first became available without prescriptions last year, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. #anki

• prescription /prɪˈskrɪpʃn/ n. 处方，药方
• over-the-counter 非处方的；柜台外的，场外交易的
• kit n.工具箱，套件

翻译：自从去年不需要处方就可以购买以来，超过 6 万人已经购买了 PTK，据生产该非处方工具包的 Identigene 公司的首席运营官道格·福格所说。

简化：More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first became available without prescriptions last year, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits.

Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. #anki

• priority /praɪˈɒrəti/ n. 优先考虑的事；优先，优先权；优先次序

翻译：毫无疑问，这两个领域的进步对于这些国家及所有其他国家的社会、政治及智力的发展而言都是十分必要的；但是“为了促进贫困国家经济快速发展，教育应该是最高的优先级之一”这一传统观点是错误的。

简化：Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.

We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. #anki

• generation /ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/ n. 一代人；v.产生，形成

翻译：我们庆幸它（这个观点）是（错的），因为在这些国家建立新的教育体制，并且让足够多的人接受教育以提升经济效益，这需要两代或三代人来完成。

More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work. #anki

• meet 1.遇见；2.达到，符合
• housing construction 房屋建设
• construct vi.建造，构造；组成构成

翻译：更近些时候，在调查住房建设时，研究人员发现在得克萨斯州的休斯敦，那些不识字、不会说英语的墨西哥工人总是能达到劳动生产力的最佳实践标准，尽管建筑行业的工作复杂。

简化：More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.

This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. #anki

• condition /kənˈdɪʃn/ n. 条件

翻译：对于先进的经济水平所需要的复杂政治体制来说，这种日益提高的教育水平可能是必要不充分条件。

简化：This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.

To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect. #anki

• approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/ n. 方式，方法；靠近，接近；路径 v. 靠近，接近
• take an approach to sb./sth. 以某种方式了解、走近某人或某事
• theological /ˌθiːəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ adj. 神学的
• subject n.主题，题目，话题；adj.受制于，服从于
• be subject to 服从于，受……影响

翻译：通过这种方式来了解新英格兰人，通常意味着要从清教徒的神学创新和他们对于教会的独特看法开始——（这些是）我们不可忽略的重要主题。

简化：To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect.

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. #anki

• to the point of… 达到……的程度
• average 平均的，普通的

翻译：四十岁以下的普通读者难以想象在大多数大城市报纸上可以找到高质量的艺术评论的时候。

简化：It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. #anki

• inexorable adj. 不可阻挡的，无法改变的
• far-reaching adj. 影响深远的，广泛的

翻译：英文报纸在过去 25 年间发生的所有变化中，影响最为深远的或许就是其艺术报道的范围和严肃性已呈现不可遏止的衰落之势。

简化：Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. #anki

• ornament n. 装饰，装饰物；摆设，点缀
• stylish adj. 高水平的；时尚的，现代风格的
• newsprint n.新闻纸，白报纸
• unfocused adj.眼睛未聚焦的；漫无目的的
• publication n. 出版物

翻译：我们与 20 世纪初至二战前夕英国的杂感式报纸评论就更是无缘了，当时，新闻用纸价廉如土，风格独特的艺术评论被看作是对刊登它的出版物的一种装饰。

简化：We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. #anki

• curb n. 抑制
• dramatic adj.巨大的，戏剧的
• pool n.池塘，水塘；v.聚集

翻译：对商业方法专利申请的限制将会是一个巨大的改变，因为这些专利正是联邦巡回法院自己在 1998 年审理一个被称作“美国道富银行”的案件时提出的，判决中巡回法院批准了一项共同基金资产集资方法的专利。

简化：Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.

The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling. #anki

• panel n. 小组，专家组，顾问组
• issue n.议题；问题，vt.宣布，公布；出版，发行；
• order n.顺序；调理；秩序；命令，订单

翻译：联邦巡回法院发布了一条异乎寻常的命令，要求该案例由 12 名法院法官集体听审，而不是一个典型的三人小组，并且他们想评估一下法院是否应该审查一下他们对道富银行的判决。

简化：The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.

For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. #anki

• acquaintance  n. 熟人
• has little to do with… 与……之间关系不大
• affected  v. 被影响（动词的过去分词）；adj. 受影响的

翻译：但是，一种社会潮流的形成，需要每一个受到有影响力人士直接影响的人，再去影响他们的熟人，如此延续。而到底有多少人会注意到这些受到影响的人，则跟最初的有影响力的人士并无多大关系。

They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people. #anki

• principal   adj. 主要的；首要的
• cascades  n. 瀑布，瀑布流
• mass n. 一群；群众

翻译：他们发现，要实现所谓的“全球传播”——社交网络中影响的广泛传播，最关键的条件不是少数有影响力人士的存在，而是大量易受影响人群的广泛参与。

The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. #anki

• overall adj.全面的，总体的
• complete  v. 完成

翻译：IASB（国际会计标准理事会）表示不愿意在没有总体规划的情况下就贸然行动，但当其今年晚些时候完成准则重建时，将会面临巨大的屈服压力。

The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. #anki

• bull n. 公牛（此处指 bull market 牛市）
• run  n. 态势，状态，趋势；一段时间

翻译：2008 年 9 月 15 日伦敦苏富比拍卖行举行的“在我脑海美丽永恒”主题拍卖会上，随着 Damien Hirst 的 56 件作品被售出，一个世纪以来艺术品市场最长的牛市也戏剧性地落幕了。

简化：The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008.

Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. #anki

• demand n.需求，要求
• demandant n.原告

翻译：几乎所有接受此次特别报道的受访者都说，当前最大的问题不是缺少需求，而是缺少好的售卖作品。

In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk. #anki

• in short  简言之
• represent  v. 表现；代表
• representation n. 表现；描述
• representative adj. 有代表性的；典型的
• stereotypical  adj. 典型的；老一套的，刻板化的
• glare at…  怒视，瞪着……

翻译：简言之，最能形象表现目前这种危机的是这样的经典漫画场景：一个男人坐在早餐桌边，手中报纸挡住他的脸，一个女人怒视报纸背面，很想交谈。

简化：In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.

The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines. #anki

• turn to… 求助于……；转向……
• subtle  adj. 不易察觉的；不明显的；微妙的
• cue n. 暗示，提示；线索

翻译：Curtis 博士求助的公司有宝洁、高露洁和联合利华，这些公司曾投资几亿美元用于发掘消费者生活中的微妙暗示，并利用它们引入新惯例。

简化：The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.

Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. #anki

• concrete adj.确实的，具体的；混凝土制的
• competent ˈkɑːmpɪtənt adj. 足以胜任的；有能力的
• on account of  因为，由于
• defendant dɪˈfɛndənts n. 被告
• verdict ˈvɜːrdɪkt n. 裁定，裁决

翻译：多亏了电子器件和微机械的不断微型化，现在已经有机器人系统能够进行一些精确度达到亚毫米的脑部和骨科的手术，远超技术高超的医生仅凭其双手所能达到的精确度。

Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws. #anki

• practice 联系；惯例，常规。
• intentional  adj. 故意的；有意的

翻译：尽管美国最高法院早在 1880 年 Strauder 诉西弗吉尼亚州一案中就已经禁止陪审团遴选中的蓄意种族歧视，但挑选所谓的精英陪审员或蓝丝带陪审员的做法，却为绕开这一反歧视及其它反歧视法案提供了一条捷径。

简化：Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.

For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. #anki

• troupe n.巡回剧团，戏班子

为了获得艺术爱好者的时间、关注和金钱，古典音乐演奏家们不仅要和歌剧院、舞团、剧团和博物馆竞争，而且还必须和 20 世纪伟大的古典音乐家的演奏录音展开竞争。

简化：For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.

The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. #anki

翻译：金融危机已经使得暂时赋闲在家（待业）以及辞掉不好的工作变得更容易接受。

We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. #anki

• e-commerce engine 电子商务引擎

翻译：我们把这样的出售媒介定义为“访问量如此之大，以至于其他机构也将广告内容或电子商务引擎放置在它的网络环境中”的自有媒体。

Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. #anki

• alleviate  v. 减轻；缓和，缓解
• recall 召回，召集
• relatively  adv. 相对地
• well-orchestrated adj. 精心策划的
• orchestrate v.精心策划
• orchestra n. 管弦乐队
• engage with sb. 与……接洽；与……交流
• engage v. 从事，参加，使交战

翻译：例如，丰田汽车公司通过发动相对迅速、协调有致的社交媒介回应活动，包括在微博 Twitter 和社会新闻网 Digg 等网站上与消费者直接互动，缓解了今年早些时候的召回危机所造成的部分损害。

简化：Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.

Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.” #anki

• dampen one’s moods  使某人心情沮丧
• very 修饰 n 时可以理解为正是，恰恰是这些东西

翻译：尽管日复一日的育儿经历艰难到摧残灵魂的地步，但“恰恰是当下打击我们情绪的事情日后会成为我们极度满足和快乐的源泉”，西尼尔写道。

简化：Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”

Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. #anki

• gaping adj. 裂开的，或开的
• gape  v. 裂开，张开
• be bothered with… 被……所困扰

翻译：不幸福的父母很少被激起对“自己是否本不该要孩子”的思考；但不幸福的无子女者会不断被“孩子是世界上唯一最重要的事情”这一信息所烦扰：显然他们的痛苦必定是他们生活中那些豁开的、孩子大小的窟窿所带来的直接后果。

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. #anki

• blow v.吹；刮；吹动，吹奏
• a blow to reputations 对声誉的打击
• review  n. 检查；审查；回顾
• remark n.评论，意见
• wrongdoing n.错事，坏事。
• at / by the time + ……也常常用来引出时间状语从句，也要将其看作连接词。

翻译：但研究者认为，如果外部董事在坏消息爆发前就已离开公司，那么他们会更容易避免声誉受损——即便历史记录显示“错误行为形成时，董事们尚在其职”（依然如此）。

简化：But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. #anki

• whirlwind  n. 旋风
• sweep  v. 扫；刮 （过去式 swept，过去分词 swept）
• sweep through…  （一阵风）扫过/刮过……
• distinctive  adj. 有特色的；与众不同的

翻译：这场席卷整个新闻编辑部的旋风伤及每个人，但大部分损失集中于报纸内容最缺乏特色的部门。

简化：The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive.

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus. #anki

• line up 排队
• think of A as B  把 A 认作为 B
• bill  n. 法案；账单；钞票
• marriage  婚姻

翻译：我们往往将二战结束后的几十年看作一个繁荣与增长的时代，数以百万计的士兵们返回家乡；他们在《退伍军人权利法案》的帮助下去上大学；在婚姻登记处排队登记结婚。

简化：We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.

The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. #anki

• emigrate  v. 移出（从本国移出到其他国家）
• immigrate  v. 移入（从其他国家移入）
• like 表示喜欢是动词，表示像……一样是介词
• take up posts 就职

翻译：“少即是多”这句话实际上是首先由一位名叫路德维希•密斯•凡德罗的德国建筑家推广开来的，像其他与包豪斯建筑学院相关的设计师一样，他在二战之前移民到美国，并曾在美国多个建筑学院任职。

简化：The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools.

In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life—few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers—but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared. #anki

• helicopter  n. 直升飞机
• clothes dryer  干衣机，烘干机
• self-sufficiency  n. 自给自足，自我满足

翻译：在罗夫•雷普森的案例研究住宅中，他可能错误预测了机械革命对日常生活可能产生的影响——尽管大多数美国家庭都拥有了干衣机，但很少有能拥有直升机的——但他认为自给自足既是理想的，也是必然的，这一信念却得到了广泛传播。

简化：In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life—few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers—but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation. #anki

• faith n. 信任；信念；信仰
• zone n.地带，区域
• converge v. (线条、运动的物体等) 汇于一点, 向一点会合；使聚集
• fix 修理
• devaluation n. （货币）贬值
• discipline n. 纪律，原则；学科；训练；处罚

翻译：欧元区国家，无论强弱，会由于共有单一货币这一原则——这让缺乏竞争力的成员国无法采取货币贬值这一权宜之计——而走向联合，对此，市场已然失去信心。

简化：Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.

It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference. #anki

• co- （前缀）彼此之间合作
• inter- （前缀）强调在……之间
• majority n.大部分，大多数
• rigour n. 严格，严苛
• favour v. 赞成；喜爱；有助于
• favourable adj. 赞许的, 赞同的；有利的, 顺利的
• favourite adj. 特别受喜爱的  n. 特别喜爱的人 (或物)
• for 目的，为了；也可以表示支持。

翻译：它（德国）坚持认为经济协作应该包含欧盟俱乐部的所有 27 国成员，在它们当中，支持自由市场自由主义和从严的经济政策占微弱多数；（不过）单从内部核心来看，德国担心，微弱多数会支持法国的干涉。

简化：It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.

But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world. #anki

• group dynamics  群体的力量；群体的互动

翻译：但 Tina Rosenberg 在其新作《加入俱乐部》中声称，通过她所谓的“社会治疗”，同侪压力也可以成为一种积极的力量。在“社会治疗”中，组织机构和官员们利用群体互动的力量来帮助个人改善生活，甚至可能改进整个世界。

简化：But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.

A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.#anki

• partial  adj. 局部的
• raise question 引起质疑，引发质疑

翻译：一系列的事故，包括 2007 年冷却塔局部倒塌以及地下管道系统泄露为人所知，使得人们既对 Vermont Yankee 核电厂的安全也对 Entergy 公司的管理提出了严重质疑。尤其是在该公司对（问题）管道做出了误导性陈述之后更是如此。

简化：A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.

The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. #anki

• whereas  conj. 然而，但是；虽然，尽管
• precedent-setting  adj. 开创先例的，开创先河的

翻译：此案件中的法律问题模糊不清：虽然最高法院已经判定各州对核能确实具有某些管理权，但法律学者说，Vermont 州案件将会对检验“州政府的权利究竟有多大”提供一个先例。

简化：The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.

As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery. #anki

• work 工作；通过努力排除因素
• works one’s way through… 排除困难通过……
• transform… into… 把……转变成……
• interaction n. 相互作用，相互影响，互动

翻译：在发现声明通过科学界的逐级审查之时，与该科技相容或相抗的理念间的相互作用、相互对抗，把个人的研究发现转变成科学界的可信发现。

简化：As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.

Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. #anki

• variable 各种各样的，变量
• fight v. 吵架，打架；战斗，斗争 （过去式/过去分词 fought）
• fight against… 与……打架
• get rid of… 除掉, 去掉；摆脱

翻译：尽管众多证据表明，教师素质是（影响教育水平的）最重要可变因素，但教师工会还是一直抗议对教师行业进行优胜劣汰。

But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children. #anki

• essentially adv. 本质上的，根本上的
• give a pass to…  对……给予通行证
• go close to…  走近/接近/靠近……

翻译：但如果地区（学区）本质上是在给那些因家庭复杂而不做作业的学生以通行证，则近于冒险暗示应降低对贫困孩子的标准。

简化：But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.